Process for coating an electrically conductive substrate and an aqueous coating composition based on a cationic binder

ABSTRACT

A process is provided for coating an electrically conductive substrate with an aqueous coating composition containing a cationic binder wherein the binder is obtained by polymerization of 100 parts by weight of a specified monomer mixture in the presence of 0.25 to 4 parts by weight of an acrylic or methacrylic bisphenol ester. The invention also pertains to the aqueous composition as such.

The invention relates to a process for coating an electricallyconductive substrate with an aqueous coating composition based on acationic binder. The cationic binder is obtained by polymerization of amonomer mixture in the presence of a polyethylenically unsaturatedcompound, amino groups present in the binder being at least partiallyneutralized with an acid. The monomer mixture consists of (a) 1-30% byweight of a hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl (meth)acrylate of which the (cyclo)alkylgroup contains 2-8 carbon atoms, (b) 4-45% by weight of an amino(meth)acrylate of the formula ##STR1## wherein at least one of thegroups R₁ is an organic group containing 1-12 carbon atoms and the othergroup R₁ is an organic group containing 1-12 carbon atoms or a hydrogenatom, or the two groups R₁, together with the nitrogen atom attachedthereto, form a heterocyclic group, R₂ is a hydrocarbon group containing2-12 carbon atoms and R₃ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, (c) 0-80%by weight of a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon containing 8-14 carbonatoms, and (d) 0-50% by weight of a different monoethylenicallyunsaturated monomer containing 2-20 carbon atoms. A process of the typeindicated above is known from European Patent Application No. 104,683,the polyethylenically unsaturated compound proposed in it being aparticular polyester. The resulting coating satisfactorily covers edgesand displays good resistance to chemical attack and outdoor exposure. Ithas now been found, however, that the use of a differentpolyethylenically unsaturated compound results in a further improvementof gloss and resistance to corrosion while the above properties are keptat the same level.

The process according to the invention is characterized in that thepolyethylenically unsaturated compound is an acrylic or methacrylicbisphenol ester of the general formula

    H.sub.2 C=CHR--C(O)--(O--B).sub.m --[--O--D--A--D--(O--B).sub.m --].sub.n --O--C(O)--CHR=CH.sub.2

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and A is a hydrocarbongroup containing 1-4 carbon atoms, B represents an organic groupcontaining 2 or 3 carbon atoms, D represents a phenylene group or acyclohexylene group, m is a number from 1-4 and n is a number from 1-3.The ester is present in an amount of 0.25-4 parts by weight per 100parts by weight of the monomer mixture.

Examples of suitable hydroxy(cyclo)-alkyl (meth)acrylates suitable foruse in the monomer mixture include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate,hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxyhexyl acrylate, hydroxyoctyl acrylate andhydroxycyclohexyl acrylate. It is preferred that use should be made ofhydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, more particularly hydroxyethyl acrylateand/or hydroxypropyl methacrylate. It is preferred that the monomermixture should contain 5-24% by weight of hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl(meth)acrylate. As used herein, the term "hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl(meth)acrylate" refers to hydroxyalkyl acrylates, hydroxyalkylmethacrylates, hydroxycycloalkyl acrylates and/or hydroxycycloalkylmethacrylates.

Examples of amino (meth)acrylates suitable for use in the monomermixture include methylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, propylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, tert. butylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, hexylaminobutyl(meth)acrylate, cyclohexylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate,dimethylcyclohexylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, octylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, dodecylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, pyridylethyl(meth)acrylate and the chloride or sulphate of trimethylammoniumethyl(meth)acrylate. It is preferred that use should be made of a(di)alkylamino (meth)acrylate of which the alkyl group(s) has (have) 1-4carbon atoms. More particularly, use is made of a β-(di)alkylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate of which the alkyl group(s) has (have) 1-4 carbon atoms,for example: β-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate and β-diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate. It is preferred that the monomer mixture should contain7-35% by weight, more particularly 7-28% by weight of the amino(meth)acrylate.

The monomer mixture may contain as a third component a monovinylaromatic hydrocarbon having 8-14, preferably 8-10 carbon atoms.Representative examples include styrene, α-methyl styrene, vinyl tolueneand vinyl naphthalene. It is preferred that use should be made ofstyrene and/or vinyl toluene. It is preferred that the monomer mixtureshould contain 10-70% by weight of the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon.

Finally, the monomer mixture contains 0-50, preferably 0-45% by weightof some other monoethylenically unsaturated monomer having 2-20 carbonatoms, such as acrylic or methacrylic esters, for example: methylmethacrylate, ethyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate,2-ethylhexyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate and hexadecyl acrylate;nitriles, for example: acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; andcompounds such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and vinyl proprionate;carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid,itaconic acid and maleic acid may generally be applied in an amount nothigher than about 1% by weight.

As representative examples of the acrylic or methacrylic bisphenolesters of the above formula (referred to hereinafter as di(meth)acrylicbisphenol esters) to be used according to the invention may be mentionedcompounds which are represented by the general formula wherein Arepresents a methylene group or an isopropylidene group and B representsan ethylene group, a propylene group or a 2-hydroxypropylene group. Itis preferred that use should be made of the dimethacrylic ester ofethoxylated or propoxylated 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane having 2alkoxy groups, which is represented by the general formula wherein Rrepresents a methyl group, B an ethylene group or propylene group, A anisopropylidene group and D a p-phenylene group, and m and n are equalto 1. Another preferred di(meth)acrylic bisphenol ester is the adduct ofacrylic acid or methacrylic acid to the diglycidyl ether of2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane of a molecular weight of 950, whichadduct is represented by the general formula wherein R is a hydrogenatom or a methyl group, B a 2-hydroxypropylene group, D a p-phenylenegroup, A an isopropylidene group, and m is equal to 1 and n is equal to3.

It is preferred that the binder should be obtained by polymerization of0.5-2.2 parts by weight of the di(meth)acrylic bisphenol ester per 100parts by weight of the monomer mixture.

Polymerization of the monomer mixture in the presence of thedi(meth)acrylic bisphenol ester may be carried out by methods known inthemselves, use being made of a free radical initiator in an organicsolvent at a temperature generally in the range of 10° to 130° C., usebeing made of ultraviolet radiation, if desired. For instance,polymerization may take place with continuously adding a mixture of themonomers and initiator to the di(meth)acrylic bisphenol ester and themonomer composition that is chosen may be constant or variable.

Examples of suitable solvents include polar solvents such as ketones,for instance: methylethyl ketone; alcohols, for instance: the ethylether or the butyl ether of ethylene glycol; and the ethyl ether ofethylene glycol acetate. Generally, use is made of initiators which havesuch a half-life period at the chosen polymerization temperature thatthroughout the polymerization reaction a certain amount of initiator ispresent. Preferably, the polymerization is continued up to a conversionof the monomer mixture of at least 95%, more particularly 98-100%.

Examples of suitable radical initiators include2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, tert. butyl peroctoateand methylethyl ketone peroxide. The initiator is usually employed in anamount of 0.2-8, preferably 1-7% by weight, based on the weight of themonomer mixture. Optionally, the initiator may be added to thepolymerization mixture batchwise.

For the resulting polymerization product to be made cationic andwater-soluble the amino groups present should at least partly beneutralized. This is generally done in a known manner and with the aidof an inorganic or organic acid. Examples of suitable acids includeboric acid, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid,hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolicacid, thioglycolic acid, diglycolic acid, lactic acid, thiopropionicacid, tartaric acid, malic acid or citric acid. Generally, use is madeof mixtures of acids. It is preferred that use should be made of lacticacid. Neutralization may be carried out stepwise, if desired. It ispreferred that 30-100% of the available amino groups of the bindershould be neutralized. The pH of the composition is generally in therange of 3-7, preferably 4-5.

The preparation of the aqueous coating composition is effected in asimple manner, for instance by adding deionized water to the at leastpartly neutralized binder to a concentration level of about 30-50% byweight. Subsequently, the resulting solution is diluted with water to acommonly used concentration of 1-35% by weight, preferably 5-20% byweight. The aqueous coating composition further contains a curing agentfor the hydroxyl groups-containing polymerization product.Representative curing agents include blocked polyisocyanates. Examplesof suitable polyisocyanates include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic oraromatic diisocyanates such as trimethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylenediisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylenediisocyanate, 1,2-propylene diisocyanate, 2,3-butylene diisocyanate,ω,ω'-dipropyl ether diisocyanate, 1,2-cyclohexane diisocyanate,1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate,dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate,3,3'-dimethyl-dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate, xylylenediisocyanaat, 1,5-dimethyl-2,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene,1,5-dimethyl-2,4-bis(2-isocyanatoethyl)benzene,1,3,5-triethyl-2,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene, 4,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate,naphthalene diisocyanate, dianisidine diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenyletherdiisocyanate.

Also suitable for use are higher functional polyisocyanates such as theadduct of 3 molecules of hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1 molecule ofwater (available under the trademark Desmodur N of Bayer), the adduct of1 molecule of trimethylol propane and 3 molecules of toluenediisocyanate (available under the trademark Desmodur L of Bayer) and theadduct of 1 molecule of trimethylol propane and 3 molecules ofisophorone diisocyanate, and compounds such as1,3,5-triisocyanatobenzene and 2,4,6-triisocyanatotoluene.

Examples of suitable, known blocking agents for the polyisocyanateinclude alcohols, lactams, hydroxamates and oximes. As examples ofsuitable alcohols, which may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic oralkylaromatic, may be mentioned propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol,isobutanol and pentanols. Examples of suitable lactams includeε-caprolactam, butyrolactam and 2-pyrrolidone. As examples of suitableoximes may be mentioned ethylmethyl ketoxime. Preference is given to theuse of blocked polyisocyanates as curing agent in cases where theaqueous coating composition is to be applied to the substratecataphoretically. Other curing agents are, for instance, N-methyloland/or N-methylol ether groups-containing aminoplasts obtained byreacting an aldehyde, for example formaldehyde, with an amino or amidogroups-containing compound such as melamine, urea, N,N'-ethylene urea,dicyandiamide and benzoguanamine; for the preparation of these compoundssee, for instance, Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Volume14/2, pp. 319-371 (1963). It is preferred that the afore-describedcompounds should entirely or partly be etherified with alcohols having 1to 6 carbon atoms, for example with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol,isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, amyl alcohol, hexanol or mixtures ofthe above-envisaged alcohols. Especially, use can be made of a methylolmelamine having 4 to 6 methylol groups per melamine molecule, at least 3methylol groups being etherified with methanol, ethanol, propanol orbutanol. More particularly, use can be made of a hexaalkoxymethylmelamine with the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The aqueous coating composition may contain conventional adjuvants andadditives, for instance: surface active compounds, anti-sag agents,dispersing agents, antioxidants, dispersion stabilizers, co-solvents,pigments and dyes. As examples of suitable pigments may be mentionediron oxide, lead oxide, strontium chromate, carbon black, titaniumdioxide, talc, silica, barium sulphate, cadmium yellow, cadmium red andphthalocyanine pigments.

As substrate there is used in the present process an electricallyconductive substrate, which may for instance be of a pretreated ornonpretreated metal or alloy, such as iron, steel, zinc plated iron,copper, brass or aluminium, or an electrically conductive syntheticmaterial or rubber. The aqueous coating composition may be applied to anelectrically conductive substrate for instance by brushing, spraying,dipping, electrostatic spraying, but preferably by cataphoresis.Cataphoresis may be carried out in the usual manner, for instance at avoltage of 50-500, preferably 100-350, and an initial current density of0.1-40 A/m². However, if desired, the aqueous coating composition mayalso be applied to any electrically non-conductive substrate.

After the coating has been applied to the substrate, it is baked at atemperature of, for instance, 90°-250° C., preferably 110°-200° C. Thetime required for baking depends on the baking temperature and generallyvaries between 5 and 45 minutes.

The invention also pertains to an aqueous coating composition based on acationic binder. The binder is obtained by polymerization of a monomermixture in the presence of a polyethylenically unsaturated compound, theamino groups present in the binder being at least partially neutralizedwith an acid. The mixture consists of (a) 1-30% by weight of ahydroxy(cyclo)alkyl (meth)acrylate of which the (cyclo)alkyl groupcontains 2-8 carbon atoms, (b) 4-45% by weight of an amino(meth)acrylate of the formula ##STR2## wherein at least one of thegroups R₁ is an organic group containing 1-12 carbon atoms and the othergroup R₁ is an organic group containing 1-12 carbon atoms or a hydrogenatom, or the two groups R₁, together with the nitrogen atom attachedthereto, form a heterocyclic group, R₂ is a hydrocarbon group containing2-12 carbon atoms and R₃ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, (c) 0-80%by weight of a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon containing 8-14 carbonatoms, and (d) 0-50% by weight of a different monoethylenicallyunsaturated monomer containing 2-20 carbon atoms. The polyethylenicallyunsaturated compound is an acrylic or methacrylic bisphenol ester of thegeneral formula

    H.sub.2 C=CHR--C(O)--(O--B).sub.m --[--O--D--A--D--(O--B).sub.m --].sub.n --O--C(O)--CHR=CH.sub.2

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and A is a hydrocarbongroup containing 1-4 carbon atoms, B represents an organic groupcontaining 2 or 3 carbon atoms, D represents a phenylene group or acyclohexylene group, m is a number from 1-4 and n is a number from 1-3.The ester is present in an amount of 0.25-4 parts by weight per 100parts by weight of the monomer mixture.

The invention will be further described in, but not limited by, thefollowing examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts andpercentages are by weight. The cured coatings obtained according to theExamples were tested for hardness in conformity with NF T 30-016, foradhesion in accordance with DIN 53151, for flexibility in accordancewith NF T 30-040 (cylindrical bending), for gloss in accordance withASTM D 523 (angle of 60° ) and for resistance to corrosion in anexposure for 400 hours to a salt spray in conformity with ASTM-B-117-64(the results are expressed as C_(x) YA_(z), where x and z denote thedegree of rust formation in mm, respectively on either side of thescratch and on the edge of the panel, and the value y=10 means thatthere was no blistering). The edge covering was assessed by microscope.The thickness of the coating was measured in the cured state.

EXAMPLE 1

In a reactor equipped with a stirrer and a reflux condenser 0.44 partsof the methacrylic ester of ethoxylated Bisphenol A (the compound of thegeneral formula wherein R is a methyl group, B an ethylene group, D ap-phenylene group, A an isopropylidene group, and m and n are both equalto 1) were mixed with 38.2 parts of monobutyl ether of ethylene glycoland the resulting mixture was heated to a temperature of 100° C.Subsequently, a mixture of 32.4 parts of styrene, 11.4 parts ofhydroxyethyl acrylate, 8.1 parts of methyl methacrylate, 6.8 parts ofdimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and 0.88 parts of2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile was introduced into the reactor over aperiod of 3 hours in such a way that the temperature of the reactorcontents remained 95°-105° C. After the monomer mixture has been added,the reactor contents were kept at a temperature of 100° C. for 1 hour.Finally, a mixture of 0.6 parts of 2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile and 1.2parts of monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol was added to the reactorcontents in 2 equal portions, each of them over a period of 1 hour, inthe process of which and for 2 more hours the reaction mixture was keptat a temperature of 95°-105° C. The resulting binder solution had asolids content of 59.4% and after dilution with monobutyl ether ofethylene glycol to a solids content of 50% it had a Gardner Holdtviscosity at 25° C. of Z3-Z4.

A coating composition was prepared by intermixing 64.0 parts of theaforedescribed binder solution, 14.0 parts of an 80%-solution of theadduct completely blocked with ε-caprolactam of 3 molecules ofhexamethylene diisocyanate and 1 molecule of water in the ethyl ether ofethylene glycol acetate, 35.0 parts of rutile titanium dioxide, 6.0parts of monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol, 1.5 parts of an 85%-aqueoussolution of phosphoric acid and deionized water in an amount such that acomposition having a solids content of 12.0% was obtained.

The aqueous coating composition was applied to a steel panel (Bonder132) by cataphoretic deposition at a voltage of 250, a temperature of25° C. and an initial current density of 20 A/m² to a coating thicknessof 35-40 μm and subsequently cured for 25 minutes at a temperature of180° C. The measured properties of the coating are given in the Table.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that use was made of amonomer mixture of 36.4 parts of styrene, 11.4 parts of hydroxyethylacrylate, 4.1 parts of methyl methacrylate, 6.8 parts ofdimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (and 0.88 parts of2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile). The resulting binder solution had asolids content of 59.9% and upon dilution with monobutyl ether ofethylene glycol to a solids content of 50% it had a Gardner Holdtviscosity at 25° C. of Z₄. The coating applied was cured at atemperature of 160°-180° C. instead of 180° C. The measured propertiesof the coating are given in the Table.

EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that use was made of0.77 parts instead of 0.44 parts of the methacrylic ester of ethoxylatedBisphenol A and of a monomer mixture consisting of 40.3 parts ofstyrene, 11.3 parts of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 6.8 parts ofdimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (and 0.88 parts of2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile). The resulting binder solution had asolids content of 59.9% and upon dilution with monobutyl ether ofethylene glycol to a solids content of 50% it had a Gardner Holdtviscosity at 25° C. of Z₄. The measured properties of the coating aregiven in the Table.

EXAMPLE 4

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that use was made of0.77 parts instead of 0.44 parts of the methacrylic ester of ethoxylatedBisphenol A and of a monomer mixture consisting of 40.3 parts ofstyrene, 11.3 parts of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 6.8 parts ofdimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (and 0.88 parts of2.2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile). The resulting binder solution had asolids content of 59.8% and after dilution with monobutyl ether ofethylene glycol to a solids content of 50% it had a Gardner Holdtviscosity at 25° C. of Z₄. The measured properties of the coating aregiven in the Table.

                  TABLE                                                           ______________________________________                                                 Examples                                                                      1       2        3         4                                         ______________________________________                                        Hardness    340       340      350     340                                    Adhesion   Gt 0      Gt 0     Gt 0    Gt 0                                    Flexibility (mm)                                                                          <5       <20      <10      <5                                     Edge covering                                                                            Excellent Excellent                                                                              Excellent                                                                             Excellent                               Gloss      >80       >80      >80     >80                                     Salt spray test                                                                          C.sub.5 10 A.sub.0                                                                      C.sub.4 10 A.sub.0                                                                     C.sub.4 10 A.sub.0                                                                    C.sub.2 10 A.sub.0                      ______________________________________                                    

We claim:
 1. A process for coating a substrate, comprising applying tosaid substrate an aqueous coating composition based on a cationic binderobtained by polymerization of a monomer mixture in the presence of0.25-4 parts by weight of a polyethylenically unsaturated compound per100 parts by weight of the monomer mixture,said monomer mixtureconsisting of (a) 1-30% by weight of a hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl(meth)acrylate of which the (cyclo)alkyl group contains 2-8 carbonatoms, (b) 4-45% by weight of an amino (meth)acrylate of the formula##STR3## where at least one of the groups R₁ is a hydrocarbon groupcontaining 1-12 carbon atoms and the other group R₁ is a hydrocarbongroup containing 1-12 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom, or the two groupsR₁, together with the nitrogen atom attached thereto, form aheterocyclic group, R₂ is a hydrocarbon group containing 2-12 carbonatoms and R₃ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, (c) 0-80% by weightof a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon containing 8-14 carbon atoms, and(d) 0-50% by weight of a different monoethylenically unsaturated monomercontaining 2-20 carbon atoms; said polyethylenically unsaturatedcompound being an acrylic or methacrylic bisphenol ester of the formula

    H.sub.2 C=CHR--C(O)--(O--B).sub.m --[--O--D--A--D--(O--B).sub.m --].sub.n --O--C(O)--CHR=CH.sub.2

wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, A represents ahydrocarbon group containing 1-4 carbon atoms, B represents ahydrocarbon group containing 2-3 carbon atoms, or a 2-hydroxypropylenegroup D represents a phenylene group or a cyclohexylene group, m is anumber from 1-4 and n is a number from 1-3; amino groups present in saidbinder being at least partially neutralized with an acid.
 2. A processaccording to claim 1, wherein the hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl (meth)acrylateused in the monomer mixture is at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of hydroxyethyl acrylate and hydroxypropylmethacrylate.
 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the monomermixture contains 5-24% by weight of hydroxy(cyclo)alkyl (meth)acrylate.4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the amino(meth)acrylate is a(di)alkylamino (meth)acrylate of which the alkyl group(s) has (have) 1-4carbon atoms.
 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the amino(meth)acrylate is a β-(di)alkylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate of which thealkyl group(s) has (have) 1-4 carbon atoms.
 6. A process according toclaim 1, wherein the monomer mixture contains 7-35% by weight of amino(meth)acrylate.
 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the monomermixture contains 7-28% by weight of amino (meth)acrylate.
 8. A processaccording to claim 1, wherein the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon has8-10 carbon atoms.
 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein themonovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of styrene and vinyl toluene.
 10. A process accordingto claim 1, wherein the monomer mixture contains 10-70% by weight of themonovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon.
 11. A process according to claim 1,wherein the monomer mixture contains 0-45% by weight of said differentmonoethylenically unsaturated monomer.
 12. A process according to claim1, wherein the bisphenol ester is a compound of the formula according toclaim 1, wherein R represents a methyl group, B represents an ethylenegroup or a propylene group, A represents an isopropylidene group and Drepresents a p-phenylene group, and m and n are equal to
 1. 13. Aprocess according to claim 1, wherein the bisphenol ester is a compoundof the formula according to claim 1, wherein R represents a hydrogenatom or a methyl group, B represents a 2-hydroxypropylene group, Drepresents a p-phenylene group, A represents an isopropylidene group andm is equal to 1 and n is equal to
 3. 14. A process according to claim 1,wherein 0.5-2.2 parts by weight of the bisphenol ester are polymerizedper 100 parts by weight of the monomer mixture.
 15. A process accordingto claim 1, wherein the substrate is electrically conductive and thecoating composition is applied to the substrate by cataphoreticdeposition at a voltage of 50-500 and an initial current density of0.1-40 A/m².
 16. A process according to claim 1, wherein the coatingapplied to the substrate is baked at a temperature of 90°-250° C.